SVRN Research · Institutional Report · March 2026

NEAR Protocol

The Bottom-Up Investment Case
$14B+
Cumulative Intents Volume
$25M+
Cumulative Fees Generated
$1.49B
Current Market Cap
2.5%
Post-Halving Inflation Rate
Sal Ternullo, CEO · David Schwed, COO
OceanPal, Inc. (NASDAQ: SVRN)
In Collaboration With The Tie
Important Disclosures

This research report (the “Report”) is published by OceanPal, Inc. (the “Company”) (NASDAQ: SVRN) and is provided for informational purposes only. The Report does not constitute investment advice, a recommendation to buy, sell, or hold any securities or digital assets, an offer to sell, or a solicitation of an offer to buy any security, financial instrument, or digital asset. Nothing in this Report should be construed as legal, tax, financial, or other professional advice, and readers should not rely on this Report as the basis for any investment decision. Recipients of this Report should conduct their own independent due diligence and analysis before making any investment decisions. Readers are strongly encouraged to consult with qualified and licensed financial, legal, tax, and investment advisors before investing in digital assets or any other securities discussed in this Report. Investment decisions should be made based on the reader’s own financial situation, investment objectives, and risk tolerance.

Nothing contained in this Report is, or should be construed as, a recommendation, promise, or representation by the Company or any director, employee, agent, or adviser of the Company. This Report does not purport to be all-inclusive or to contain all of the information you may desire. This Report includes statistical and other industry and market data obtained from industry publications and research, surveys, studies, and other similar third-party sources, as well as the Company’s estimates based on such data. All of the market data and estimates used in this Report involve a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such data and estimates. The Company believes that the information from these third-party sources is reliable; however, we have not independently verified such information and make no representation or warranty as to its accuracy or completeness. Further, NEAR Protocol and other digital assets are subject to a high degree of risk and uncertainty, which could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates made by the third-party sources and by the Company.

The Company holds NEAR Protocol tokens on its corporate balance sheet and operates as a treasury company with direct exposure to the NEAR Protocol ecosystem. The Company and its officers, directors, employees, and affiliates may hold, acquire, or dispose of positions in NEAR Protocol tokens or related instruments at any time, including before or after the publication of this Report. Readers should carefully consider this material conflict of interest when evaluating the analysis, conclusions, and estimates contained herein.

All third-party brand names and logos appearing in this Report are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. Any such appearance does not necessarily imply any affiliation with or endorsement of the Company.

Forward-Looking Statements: This Report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements regarding future price ranges, expected values, volume projections, probability estimates, growth scenarios, and anticipated regulatory approvals. Such statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied. Forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, speak only as of the date of this Report, and the Company undertakes no obligation to update them.

Executive Summary

The Coordination Layer Thesis

NEAR Protocol is at an inflection point—not the kind announced by a press release, but the kind that emerges when a technical architecture built over five years begins to generate the revenue signatures that precede reflexive token value accrual. This report establishes that inflection point with precision.

Where prior institutional research established the top-down market size for NEAR's AI coordination thesis, this report works from the bottom up—from actual fee data, real volume trajectories, and a tokenomics model that identifies the specific daily volume threshold at which NEAR becomes net deflationary.

Key Finding

Under conservative modeling assumptions, NEAR Intents fee revenue alone is projected to make the NEAR network net deflationary in 2026, before the full monetization of NEAR’s AI product suite (DCML, Private Inference, IronClaw, NEAR AI Agent Marketplace). At ~$1.22 NEAR, the deflationary threshold is approximately $177M in daily Intents volume—just 2.3× the current trailing 90-day average. Any future AI-driven demand represents pure upside to the deflationary thesis.

The thesis rests on three mutually reinforcing dynamics. First, NEAR’s coordination architecture—NEAR Intents, Chain Signatures, and the AI infrastructure stack—positions it as the settlement layer for autonomous agent-mediated commerce. Second, the updated fee structure converts all fees into $NEAR tokens, creating direct protocol-level demand scaling with volume. Third, the Halving halved inflation, dramatically lowering the deflationary threshold.

The Market Has Not Repriced the Structural Shift

Despite the convergence of the October 2025 Halving and the February 2026 fee switch activation—two of the most significant tokenomic events in NEAR’s history—price remains well below its 12-month highs. The chart below illustrates this disconnect: structural catalysts have activated while the market prices NEAR as though nothing has changed.

NEAR Protocol: Price & Trading Volume
February 2025—February 2026 · Weekly Data
Source: The Tie · NEAR price and weekly trading volume, Feb 2025 – Feb 2026. Key events: NEAR Halving (Oct 30, 2025), Fee Switch Activation (Feb 23, 2026)

The Valuation Gap

Traditional L1 metrics dramatically understate NEAR’s traction. The Intents-adjusted picture shows $14B+ in cumulative coordinated volume, $25M+ in gross fees generated, and a fee architecture where all fees convert to $NEAR. Annualizing the trailing 90-day fee run rate (Dec 2025–Feb 2026) implies ~$53M in annual ecosystem fees, placing NEAR’s Intents-adjusted P/S at approximately 28x, versus ETH at 194x and SOL at 40x. At a $1.49B market cap, the gap is the opportunity.

The Coordination Layer Thesis

NEAR is building the infrastructure stack for agentic commerce, the emerging category of AI agent-mediated transactions that require three properties no single blockchain currently provides: privacy (confidential execution via Private Shard and DCML, or Decentralized Confidential Machine Learning), confidentiality (sealed intent routing through Chain Signatures across 28 chains), and verifiability (on-chain settlement with cryptographic proof). NEAR Intents abstracts execution paths so agents express outcomes, not routes. Together, these components form the only cross-chain coordination layer purpose-built for autonomous economic activity, and NEAR is the settlement token.

Why Now: The Convergence Window

Three catalysts are converging simultaneously in a way that has not occurred for any L1 protocol since Ethereum’s EIP-1559 upgrade in August 2021. First, the fee switch activated on February 23, 2026—converting volume into direct NEAR demand for the first time. Second, the October 2025 Halving permanently reduced inflation, compressing the timeline to deflation. Third, institutional access is expanding via the Bitwise NEAR Strategy ETF filing and institutional back- and middle-office integration pipeline. This convergence creates maximum asymmetry between protocol maturity and market recognition.

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Section I

Understanding NEAR's Coordination Architecture

From execution substrate to coordination layer for agentic commerce

Three Components of NEAR's Coordination Stack

Infrastructure Foundation
High-Performance L1
NEAR’s sharded Nightshade architecture achieves 600ms block times, sub-$0.002 transaction fees, and 100% uptime since mainnet launch. In 2025, NEAR expanded from six to eight shards (+33% capacity). In December 2025, NEAR achieved 1 million TPS (transactions per second) in a test environment, validating the dynamic resharding roadmap.1
Coordination Layer
NEAR Intents
NEAR Intents allow users and agents to express desired outcomes rather than specifying execution paths. A solver network competes to fulfill these intents across 28 blockchains via NEAR’s chain signature architecture. NEAR Intents launched in Q4 2024 and reached $14B+ in cumulative volume by March 2026, generating $25M+ in gross cumulative fees.2
Decentralized AI Stack
AI Infrastructure
NEAR’s third component introduces DCML (Decentralized Confidential Machine Learning), Private Inference, IronClaw, and the NEAR Private Shard for institutional-grade privacy and confidentiality, the foundational properties required for agentic commerce. This layer is early-stage; the market assigns it near-zero value today.

Sentiment Lags the Evolution in Tokenomics

Market sentiment has remained range-bound and has not broken decisively bullish despite the fundamental catalysts activating in Q4 2025 and Q1 2026. The 12-month sentiment trend below shows social perception lagging the structural shift—a pattern consistent with institutional-grade opportunities where narrative repricing follows fundamentals with a delay.

NEAR Protocol: 12-Month Sentiment Trend
February 2025—February 2026 · 30-Day Rolling Average
Source: The Tie · 30-day rolling average daily sentiment score (0–100 scale, 50 = neutral). Key events annotated: NEAR Halving (Oct 30, 2025), Fee Switch Activation (Feb 23, 2026)

Technical Benchmarks

MetricNEARSolanaEthereumSource
Finality1.2 sec12.8 sec†~960 sec[3]
Block Time0.60 sec0.40 sec12.1 sec[3]
Avg. Tx Fee< $0.002~$0.01~$0.50[3]
Network Uptime~100%~99%~100%[3]
Peak TPS1M* (Dec ’25)65K~30[1]

†Solana finality of 12.8 sec reflects full/rooted finality; optimistic confirmation is ~400ms. *1M TPS achieved in controlled testnet.

The Coordination Moat

NEAR’s competitive advantage is structural, not merely technical. While other L1s compete on execution speed—a commodity race with diminishing returns—NEAR has built a coordination layer above execution. The 28-chain integration, intent-based architecture, and solver network create compounding network effects: every new chain integration increases the utility of every existing one. This is analogous to how Visa’s value scales with merchant acceptance, not transaction throughput. No competing protocol has replicated this cross-chain coordination depth, and the switching costs for integrated solvers and distribution channels create durable lock-in that strengthens with volume.

Section Conclusion

NEAR has evolved from a fast L1 into the only protocol architecture purpose-built for autonomous agent coordination across chains. The technical benchmarks confirm infrastructure readiness; Intents volume confirms product-market fit. The market prices NEAR as an L1, but it is becoming the settlement rail for a new category of economic activity where privacy, confidentiality, and verifiability are non-negotiable.

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Section II

Tokenomics & the Fee Architecture

How NEAR's economics create the conditions for deflationary value accrual

Supply Dynamics

NEAR launched with 1 billion tokens in April 2020. Unlike newer L1 networks with complex vesting schedules and concentrated insider positions, NEAR has 100% of its supply unlocked and vested, eliminating vesting overhang. As of March 9, 2026, total supply is approximately 1.29B NEAR with ~1.22B circulating, trading at ~$1.22 with a market capitalization of ~$1.49B.6

The NEAR Halving (October 30, 2025). NEAR’s inflation was permanently cut from 5.0% to 2.5%. Of this, 2.4% is distributed as staking emissions to validators and delegators, and 0.1% flows to the protocol treasury. Annual issuance dropped from ~64M to ~32.2M NEAR—halving the deflationary threshold.

The EIP-1559 Parallel

Structural Precedent

The closest structural precedent is Ethereum’s August 2021 EIP-1559 upgrade, which introduced fee burns that—combined with the Merge’s issuance reduction—transformed ETH into a periodically deflationary asset. ETH appreciated ~78% in the three months following EIP-1559 activation (with multiple contributing factors). NEAR’s February 2026 fee switch and October 2025 Halving represent the same structural pair—fee conversion plus issuance reduction—compressed into a tighter window. The critical difference: NEAR’s transition occurs at a $1.49B market cap versus ETH’s ~$300B, implying significantly greater asymmetric upside.

NEAR Intents Fee Architecture

NEAR Intents has implemented a streamlined fee architecture with two critical design features. First, all fees are converted into $NEAR, regardless of the asset being swapped, creating direct buy pressure on the NEAR token scaling with volume. Second, NEAR’s base-layer economics apply a 70/30 split: 70% of gas fees are permanently burned by the protocol, while 30% flows to contract accounts. For NEAR Intents fees specifically, 100% of generated fees are used to purchase $NEAR, with a portion then distributed to authorized distribution partners per revenue-share agreements.

All Fees Converted to $NEAR

Every fee collected—universal swap rate, unauthorized channel surcharges, and distribution channel markups—triggers a $NEAR market purchase. Revenue switch activated February 23, 2026. The $25M in gross fees since launch was earned pre-switch by solvers and the protocol; post-switch, all fees now settle in $NEAR. Additional fees for swaps are under consideration.

Fee TypeRateApplied ToAccrues ToValue Capture
Universal Swap Fee0.01 bps (0.0001%)All swaps (100%)ProtocolUniversal
Unauthorized Channel20 bps (0.20%)Non-partner channelsProtocol (100%)Direct revenue
Distribution ChannelVariableAuthorized partners50% / 50%Revenue share
near.com / intents-near.org0.20%Native channels100% ProtocolFull buyback

Source: NEAR Foundation presentation, Mar 2026. $25M represents gross fees generated since launch; $NEAR conversion active from Feb 23, 2026.

Fee Rate Reconciliation & Channel Mix

The report uses a dynamic blended take rate that evolves as the channel mix shifts toward higher-fee native front-ends. The effective ecosystem fee rate of ~0.19% represents total gross fees as a percentage of volume and is used for P/S calculations. The blended take rate represents the net protocol buyback rate after distribution partner splits. Authorized API partners are modeled at an average fee of 5 basis points (bilateral negotiated), with a 50/50 revenue share, yielding 2.5 bps net to the protocol. As near.com and intents-near.org capture a growing share of total volume, the blended rate rises from ~0.061% in 2026 to ~0.089% by 2030, progressively lowering the deflationary threshold.

The channel-mix-weighted blended take rate for 2026 is approximately 6.1 basis points (0.061%), rising to ~8.9 bps by 2030 as native front-end adoption grows. Full channel fee rates, mix projections, and resulting blended rates are detailed in Appendix A.

To request the full calculation file and test your own assumptions, contact us at research@svrn.net

Volume Trajectory & Adoption Curve

NEAR Intents launched in December 2024 and has exhibited exponential adoption. Cumulative all-time volume exceeds $14B from over 15.7M swaps, generating $25M+ in gross fees. February 2026 recorded $2.52B in monthly volume, the highest month on record.7

Adoption Curve Analysis. Monthly volume has averaged ~42% MoM growth since launch (arithmetic average; the compound monthly growth rate is lower due to variance). For context, Uniswap’s first 14 months produced ~$20B in cumulative volume; NEAR Intents reached $14B+ in the same timeframe, both are on-chain swap infrastructure serving the same fundamental demand, though NEAR Intents executes across 28 blockchains simultaneously. Annualizing the trailing 90-day fee run rate (Dec 2025–Feb 2026 volume: $6.93B × effective fee rate of ~0.19%) implies ~$53M in annualized ecosystem fee revenue—placing NEAR’s Intents-adjusted P/S at approximately 28x, a fraction of ETH (194x) and SOL (40x).8

Section Conclusion

NEAR’s tokenomics have undergone the most significant structural improvement in the protocol’s history. The combination of halved inflation, activated fee conversion, exponential volume growth, and a P/S of ~28x on trailing annualized fees creates the precise conditions for reflexive value accrual, a structural parallel to ETH’s post-EIP-1559 dynamics, at a fraction of ETH’s market cap.

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Section III

The Deflationary Inflection Point

Volume threshold at which NEAR becomes net deflationary

The Deflationary Mechanics

NEAR issues ~32.2M tokens annually (2.5%: 2.4% staking + 0.1% treasury), worth ~$39.3M at current prices ($1.22). Two mechanisms offset issuance. Base-layer gas fees follow a 70/30 split: 70% permanently burned (destroyed) by the protocol, 30% retained by contract accounts. NEAR Intents fees operate differently—100% of generated fees are used to purchase $NEAR (a market buyback, not a burn), with a portion then redistributed to authorized distribution partners, meaning the full gross fee amount creates direct buy-and-hold pressure. At current trailing 90-day volume (~$77M/day), fee-driven demand offsets approximately 48% of daily issuance. At sufficient volume, combined fee-driven supply removal exceeds total issuance, producing net deflation.

Deflationary Threshold

At ~$1.22 NEAR and the 2026 blended take rate of ~6.1 bps, the threshold is ~$177M/day—2.3× the trailing 90-day average of ~$77M/day (Dec 2025–Feb 2026). The Halving cut this threshold in half. As native front-end share grows, the blended rate increases and the threshold declines further—to ~$121M/day by 2030. Base case crosses in 2026.

Sensitivity: Threshold by NEAR Price

Using 2026 blended take rate of ~0.061%. Threshold declines in subsequent years as take rate increases.

NEAR PriceAnnual IssuanceDaily Vol. RequiredMonthly Vol.vs. Current
$0.50$16.1M$72M$2.2B0.9x
$0.75$24.2M$109M$3.3B1.4x
$1.00$32.3M$145M$4.3B1.9x
$1.22 ◀ current$39.3M$177M$5.3B2.3x
$1.50$48.4M$217M$6.5B2.8x
$2.00$64.5M$290M$8.7B3.8x
$3.00$96.8M$435M$13.0B5.6x
$5.00$161.3M$724M$21.7B9.4x

Issuance: ~32.2M NEAR/yr. 2026 blended take rate: ~0.061% (channel-mix weighted). Trailing 90-day daily avg: ~$77M/d (Dec 2025–Feb 2026).

Projected Annual Fee Revenue & Deflationary Timeline

The chart below projects annual fee revenue from NEAR Intents under base case assumptions with a dynamic blended take rate that increases from ~0.061% in 2026 to ~0.089% by 2030 as native front-end volume share grows. The deflationary threshold—the annual fee revenue needed to offset new token issuance—is ~$39M/year at $1.22 NEAR. Under this projection, fee revenue crosses the deflationary threshold in 2026 under the base case and exceeds it by orders of magnitude through 2030.

Projected Annual Fee Revenue from NEAR Intents
Base Case · Dynamic Blended Take Rate (0.061%–0.089%)
Source: SVRN Research, NEAR Protocol Fee Architecture · Dynamic blended take rate: 6.1 bps (2026) rising to 8.9 bps (2030)
The Reflexive Dynamic

A critical and underappreciated feature of NEAR’s deflationary mechanics is the reflexive relationship between price and threshold. As NEAR appreciates, each token bought back via the Intents fee mechanism absorbs more USD-denominated issuance—meaning higher prices lower the effective barrier to deflation in token terms. This creates a self-reinforcing loop: volume drives deflation, deflation drives price appreciation, price appreciation broadens institutional access, institutional access drives volume. This is the same reflexive mechanic George Soros described in financial markets, and it operates most powerfully at inflection points.

Growth Scenarios & Path to Threshold

Note: Deflationary status depends on four interacting variables (price, volume, fee rate, channel mix). Labels below are directionally illustrative under a static price assumption.

Bear Case
$100M/d
End-2026 · 2× annual growth
Deflationary by 2027
$520M fees by 2030
Base Case
$250M/d
End-2026 · 3.5× annual growth
Deflationary in 2026
$12.2B fees by 2030
Bull Case
$1B/d
End-2026 · 5× annual growth
Strongly deflationary immediately
$203B fees by 2030
Bear Case: $100M/d end-2026, 2× annual growth
YearDaily VolAnn. FeesStatus
2026$100M$22MInflationary
2027$200M$49MDeflationary
2028$400M$108MStrongly Defl.
2029$800M$239MStrongly Defl.
2030$1,600M$520MStrongly Defl.
Base Case: $250M/d end-2026, 3.5× annual growth
YearDaily VolAnn. FeesStatus
2026$250M$56MDeflationary
2027$875M$214MStrongly Defl.
2028$3,063M$830MStrongly Defl.
2029$10.7B$3.2BStrongly Defl.
2030$37.5B$12.2BStrongly Defl.
Bull Case: $1B/d end-2026, 5× annual growth
YearDaily VolAnn. FeesStatus
2026$1,000M$223MStrongly Defl.
2027$5,000M$1.2BStrongly Defl.
2028$25.0B$6.8BStrongly Defl.
2029$125.0B$37.3BStrongly Defl.
2030$625.0B$203BStrongly Defl.

Deflationary threshold declines each year as blended take rate increases: ~$177M/d (2026), ~$161M/d (2027), ~$145M/d (2028), ~$132M/d (2029), ~$121M/d (2030). Dynamic take rate model; price held constant at $1.22.

Institutional Volume Catalysts

The $1B daily volume target by Q2 2027 maps to specific institutional adoption milestones. NEAR Intents is being integrated into institutional back- and middle-office platforms that process trillions in annual trading volume. Multiple institutional platform integrations are in active development with go-live timelines through Q2 and Q3 2026, alongside qualified custodian and custody technology provider partnerships. As tokenized equities (RWAs, or Real World Assets), bonds, and fiat rails are routed through NEAR Intents, even marginal institutional flow would represent a step-change for NEAR’s volume trajectory. For context, global FX markets trade ~$7.5T per day—NEAR Intents capturing just 0.002% of that flow would reach the $177M/day deflationary threshold at current prices.

Section Conclusion

NEAR’s deflationary inflection is not a prediction—it is a mathematical identity that activates at a known volume threshold (~$177M/day at $1.22, declining each year as the blended take rate increases). The Halving halved the threshold. The fee switch activated the $NEAR buy mechanism. What remains is volume growth, and NEAR Intents grew 17% MoM in February 2026. We estimate approximately 80% probability of reaching the deflationary threshold by 2030, based on probability-weighted scenarios—our base case (50% weight) reaches threshold in 2026 and bull case (25% weight) immediately. The bear case (25% weight) reaches threshold by 2028.

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Section IV

Unified Valuation Framework

Three methodologies converge on material undervaluation

Three independent methodologies converge: comparable network analysis, deflationary threshold valuation, and probability-weighted scenario analysis. All suggest NEAR is materially undervalued at current levels.

Methodology 1: Comparable Network Analysis

ProtocolMkt CapAnn. Rev.P/SFee MechanismValue Accrual
Ethereum$233B$1.2B194xGas burn (EIP-1559)Strong
Solana$48B$1.2B40xPriority fees + tipsModerate
Hyperliquid~$15B~$0.6B~25x97% HYPE buybackVery Strong
Bittensor (TAO)~$1.8BN/A*N/ASubnet incentivesModerate
NEAR (L1 only)$1.49B$7.85M~200x†Gas burn (70%)Emerging
NEAR (Intents adj.)$1.49B~$53M~28x††Intents → $NEARStrong

*TAO uses subnet incentives, not traditional fees. †L1-only P/S: ~$7.85M annualized gas revenue. ††Intents-adjusted P/S: trailing 90-day volume ($6.93B) × effective fee rate (~0.19%) = ~$13.2M/quarter → ~$53M annualized → $1.49B/$53M = 28x. Sources: Token Terminal, DefiLlama, SVRN Research, Mar 2026.

Methodology 2: Deflationary Threshold Valuation

The second valuation lens uses the deflationary inflection as a repricing catalyst. Historically, L1 tokens that transition from inflationary to deflationary undergo significant repricing as the market reclassifies them from dilutive utility tokens to accruing monetary assets. ETH’s post-EIP-1559 trajectory, appreciating ~78% in three months (with multiple contributing factors)—provides the structural precedent.

Under our base case, NEAR crosses the deflationary threshold in 2026 at ~$250M/day volume. At that volume level, annual fee-driven $NEAR demand would be ~$41M—exceeding annual issuance—creating persistent supply compression. As the blended take rate increases with native front-end adoption, the deflationary dynamics strengthen over time. Applying a conservative 2–3x repricing multiple from the deflationary catalyst alone implies a $3–$4 range by 2027 before accounting for volume growth beyond the threshold.

Methodology 3: Probability-Weighted Scenario Analysis

The third methodology constructs price targets from volume-driven fee revenue projections, applying P/S multiples derived from comparable protocols at similar stages of maturity. Bear cases use compressed multiples (10–15x) reflecting persistent market skepticism; base cases use the current Intents-adjusted P/S (~28x) as the floor, expanding modestly as institutional adoption validates the thesis; bull cases apply Hyperliquid-tier multiples (20–25x) on significantly higher revenue bases.

Probability weights shift progressively bullish over time (bear 25%→15%, bull 25%→35%) reflecting our expectation that institutional adoption milestones (ETF approval, institutional platform go-live Q2–Q3 2026, custodian integrations) de-risk the thesis over the investment horizon.

Estimated Scenario Price Ranges
Navigate through each year
Ranges are modeled estimates, not predictions. Actual outcomes may differ materially. See Disclosures.

Estimated Scenario Price Ranges

YearBear RangeBase RangeBull RangeP(Bear/Base/Bull)
2026$2–$5$6–$10$12–$1825/50/25%
2027$4–$7$15–$25$35–$5520/50/30%
2028$8–$15$35–$55$70–$11020/50/30%
2029$15–$25$65–$100$130–$20015/50/35%
2030$25–$40$100–$150$200–$30015/50/35%

Ranges represent modeled scenarios based on volume-driven fee revenue projections and comparable protocol P/S multiples. These are estimates, not predictions. Actual outcomes may differ materially. See Disclosures.

Probability Weight Rationale

Scenario probability weights shift progressively bullish over the 2026–2030 horizon (bear: 25%→15%, bull: 25%→35%) for three reasons. First, institutional adoption milestones—ETF approval, institutional back- and middle-office platform go-live in Q2–Q3 2026, qualified custodian integrations—are binary de-risking events: once live, they cannot be un-done, permanently expanding the addressable investor base. Second, the deflationary threshold declines each year as the blended take rate increases with native front-end adoption, making sustained deflation progressively easier to achieve. Third, NEAR’s AI infrastructure stack (DCML, Private Inference, NEAR AI Agent Marketplace) is not yet monetized; as these products launch and generate fee revenue, they represent incremental demand for $NEAR not captured in the current Intents-only model.

5 Year Target

Based on our volume-driven fee revenue models, the 2030 scenario ranges imply the following approximate market capitalizations and P/S ratios, demonstrating P/S compression as volume scales:

Scenario2030 RangeImplied Mkt CapImplied Ann. RevenueImplied P/S
Bear$25–$40~$32–$52B~$100–$200M~25–40x
Base$100–$150~$129–$194B~$2–$4B~5–8x
Bull$200–$300~$258–$387B~$30–$60B<1x

Risk-Adjusted Return Profile

At $1.22, the risk-reward profile is noteworthy. Based on our probability-weighted scenario analysis, the base case E[V] range for 2027 of approximately $20–$25 implies significant potential upside, and even the bear case of $3–$5 suggests positive return potential. The maximum downside to $0.50 (complete thesis invalidation) represents ~59% loss, while the probability-weighted 2030 E[V] range of approximately $125–$155 suggests substantial long-term potential. For institutional allocators, a 1–2% portfolio allocation may capture the majority of expected value with portfolio-level downside contained to ~1.2% in the zero-case.

Convergence

All three methodologies converge: at $1.22, NEAR appears to trade at a fraction of estimated risk-adjusted value. Intents-adjusted P/S of ~28× vs ETH at 194×. Base case reaches deflationary status in 2026 under the dynamic take rate model. We estimate approximately 80% probability of sustaining deflation through 2030.

Summary

MetricCurrentBase Case 2027 (Est.)Implied Change
NEAR Price$1.22$15–$25Significant upside
Market Cap$1.49B~$19–$32BMaterial expansion
Daily Intents Vol.~$77M (90d avg)~$875M~10x
Supply StatusInflationaryDeflationaryStructural shift
Institutional AccessLimitedETF + Institutional PlatformsStep change
Section Conclusion

NEAR is mispriced by every methodology we apply. Comparable analysis shows it trading below peers with inferior economics. The deflationary threshold valuation identifies a specific, quantifiable repricing catalyst as early as 2026. The probability-weighted model produces expected values that significantly exceed the current price at every time horizon. The risk-reward asymmetry represents one of the most noteworthy developments in the digital asset ecosystem.

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Section V

Investment Access & Vehicles

Three institutional pathways to NEAR Protocol exposure

U.S. Public Equity
SVRN
NASDAQ: SVRN · Treasury company driving NEAR commercialization · Direct NEAR token holdings · U.S.-listed, fully regulated · Accessible via standard brokerage accounts
European ETP · Deutsche Börse Xetra
Bitwise NEAR Staking ETP
ISIN: DE000A4A5GV2 · 3.08% net staking yield (4.6% gross; 33% service fee) · AUM: $28.3M · TER: 0.85% p.a. · Daily liquidity; no lock-up
Pending · Subject to SEC Approval
Bitwise NEAR Strategy ETF
NYSE Arca · Filed Dec 30, 2025 · Expected effective date ~March 16, 2026 · First US-listed NEAR ETF · Institutional flow catalyst

SVRN provides regulated U.S. equity exposure through its NASDAQ-listed treasury structure. The Bitwise NEAR Staking ETP offers European institutional investors direct NEAR exposure with a 3.08% net staking yield on Deutsche Börse XETRA. The Bitwise NEAR Strategy ETF (filed December 30, 2025), subject to SEC approval, would be the first US-listed NEAR-focused ETF—a significant catalyst for institutional inflows. Bitcoin ETFs attracted ~$12B in net inflows in their first year; even a fraction of that pace against NEAR’s $1.49B market cap would represent a structural step-change in the investor base.

Risk Factors

RiskSeverityDescriptionMitigant
Volume StallsHIGHNEAR Intents fails to sustain growth trajectoryInstitutional go-live Q2–Q3 2026
Fee ChangeMEDIUMFee rates reduced or restructured by governanceGovernance-controlled parameters; community aligned
CompetitionMEDIUMCompeting protocols capture cross-chain market share28-chain moat; first-mover; switching costs
RegulatoryMEDIUMSEC or other regulatory action on NEAR tokenBitwise ETF filing signals regulatory clarity
Integration DelayMEDIUMInstitutional integration timelines slipMultiple parallel integration efforts underway
RWA Rail RiskMEDIUMTokenization adoption slower than expectedIntents operates independently of RWA timeline
Smart ContractLOWExploit in Intents or Chain Signatures100% uptime; rigorous audits; progressive decentralization

Risk Assessment: The dominant risk is volume growth stalling—all other risks are mitigated by NEAR’s architectural decisions and institutional momentum. The bear case assigns 25% probability.

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Conclusion

The Investment Case for NEAR Protocol

Synthesis of findings and final assessment

This report has analyzed NEAR Protocol’s investment case through four independent analytical lenses, each of which suggests NEAR may be materially undervalued at current levels.

Architecture

NEAR has built the only cross-chain coordination layer purpose-designed for autonomous agent commerce requiring privacy, confidentiality, and verifiability. With 28-chain integration, intent-based routing, and a growing solver network, NEAR occupies a structural position no competing L1 has replicated. The 1M TPS testnet achievement and 46M monthly active users confirm infrastructure readiness at scale.

Fee Conversion

The February 2026 fee switch transforms NEAR from a utility-only token into a fee-accrual asset. The three-tier fee architecture ensures 100% of NEAR Intents volume triggers $NEAR purchases—a mechanism that, combined with the 70% gas burn, creates direct supply compression proportional to network usage. Trailing 90-day annualized fees of ~$53M imply an Intents-adjusted P/S of ~28x.

Deflationary Inflection Point

At ~$1.22, NEAR requires approximately $177M in daily volume to become net deflationary under the 2026 channel-mix-adjusted blended take rate of ~0.061%. The October 2025 Halving cut the issuance threshold in half. February 2026 volume reached $2.52B monthly (~$90M/day). The trailing 90-day daily average (Dec 2025–Feb 2026) is ~$77M/day. Under base case growth of 3.5x annually, we estimate NEAR could cross the deflationary threshold in 2026—with the threshold declining each subsequent year.

Valuation

At a $1.49B market cap, NEAR’s Intents-adjusted P/S is ~28x—a fraction of ETH (194x) and SOL (40x). Based on our probability-weighted scenario analysis, the estimated base case range for 2027 of approximately $15–$25 suggests significant potential upside at current prices. Even the bear case suggests positive return potential.

SVRN Research Assessment

Based on our analysis, NEAR Protocol at $1.22 presents an asymmetric risk-reward profile. The convergence of fee switch activation, halved inflation, exponential volume growth, and expanding institutional access creates conditions that the market may not have fully priced. Intents-adjusted P/S of ~28×. Base case estimated range: approximately $15–$25 by 2027, $100–$150 by 2030. Under our dynamic take rate model, we estimate approximately 80% probability of NEAR sustaining deflationary status through 2030, with the base case reaching deflation as early as 2026. These are modeled estimates, not predictions. See Disclosures.

MetricCurrentBase Case 2027 (Est.)Implied Change
NEAR Price$1.22$15–$25Significant upside
Market Cap$1.49B~$19–$32BMaterial expansion
Daily Intents Vol.~$77M (90d avg)~$875M~10x
Supply StatusInflationaryDeflationaryStructural shift
Institutional AccessLimitedETF + Institutional PlatformsStep change
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Reference

Abbreviations & Data Sources

Please refer to the Important Disclosures and Forward-Looking Statements on page 2 of this Report before reviewing the analysis contained herein.

Data sources referenced throughout this Report via footnotes: Dune Analytics, Defuse Labs, Bitwise Europe, Artemis, Electric Capital, NEAR Foundation, CoinMarketCap, CoinGecko, The Tie, Token Terminal, DefiLlama. Data as of March 9, 2026 unless otherwise noted. All dollar amounts in USD.

Appendix A

Channel Mix & Blended Take Rate Assumptions

The deflationary threshold model uses a dynamic blended take rate derived from the fee schedule below and projected channel volume distribution. The blended rate represents the weighted-average net fee accruing to the protocol (triggering $NEAR purchases) across all channel types.

Channel Fee Rates (Net to Protocol)

Channel TypeGross FeeProtocol ShareNet to Protocol
Native (near.com, intents-near.org)20 bps (0.20%)100%20.00 bps
Unauthorized channels20 bps (0.20%)100%20.00 bps
Authorized API partners (avg)5 bps (0.05%)50%2.50 bps
Universal swap fee (base)0.01 bps (0.0001%)100%0.01 bps

Source: NEAR Foundation fee schedule. Authorized API fee of 5 bps represents estimated average of bilateral negotiated agreements with distribution partners.

Projected Channel Mix (% of Volume)

Channel20262027202820292030
Native front-end15%20%25%30%35%
Unauthorized7%5%4%3%2%
Authorized API68%68%65%63%60%
Universal-only10%7%6%4%3%

Resulting Blended Take Rate & Deflationary Threshold

YearBlended RateThreshold ($M/d)Threshold ($B/mo)
20266.1 bps (0.061%)$177$5.3
20276.7 bps (0.067%)$161$4.8
20287.4 bps (0.074%)$145$4.4
20298.2 bps (0.082%)$132$4.0
20308.9 bps (0.089%)$121$3.6

Deflationary threshold at $1.22 NEAR. Threshold declines as blended take rate increases with native front-end adoption. Annual issuance: ~$39.3M (~32.2M NEAR at $1.22).

Dynamic Blended Take Rate & Threshold Decline
Deflationary threshold ($M/day) declines each year as native front-end share grows
Source: SVRN Research. 2026 blended rate: 6.1 bps. Threshold at $1.22 NEAR.
Appendix B

Glossary of Terms

L1 / L2
Layer 1 (base blockchain) / Layer 2 (scaling solution built on L1)
TPS
Transactions per second
Chain Signatures
NEAR’s cross-chain signing protocol enabling intent fulfillment across 28 chains
DCML
Decentralized Confidential Machine Learning
NEAR Intents
Intent-based cross-chain swap infrastructure on NEAR Protocol
Solver Network
Competitive network of agents that fulfill user intents at optimal rates
DEX / DeFi
Decentralized Exchange / Decentralized Finance
ETP
Exchange-Traded Product (regulated, exchange-listed investment vehicle)
ETF
Exchange-Traded Fund (subset of ETP; US-regulated fund structure)
P/S
Price-to-Sales ratio (market cap divided by annualized revenue)
E[V]
Expected Value (probability-weighted average across scenarios)
RWA
Real World Assets (tokenized equities, bonds, real estate on-chain)
FX
Foreign Exchange (global currency trading markets, ~$7.5T/day volume)
MAD / MAU
Monthly Active Developer / Monthly Active User
AUM
Assets Under Management
TER
Total Expense Ratio (annual fund operating cost as % of AUM)
Fee Switch
Activation of $NEAR conversion for all Intents fees (Feb 23, 2026)
Halving
Permanent 50% reduction in NEAR inflation rate (Oct 30, 2025)
Blended Take Rate
Channel-mix-weighted net fee rate to protocol; used for threshold calculations
Private Shard
NEAR’s privacy-preserving execution environment for institutional use
IronClaw
Confidential compute infrastructure within NEAR’s AI stack

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